Ancient Egyptian and Their Religion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2102 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Ancient Egypt Essay Did you like this example? When thinking about Ancient Egyptian and their religion many tend to forget how important and serious Egyptians take death. It is shown that Egyptians have a specific preparation for death especially on how death is handled and making sure to keep a certain ceremony for death and the many beliefs about those dead alive. Egyptians strongly believed in the afterlife and its complete existence. They believed that the afterlife was more important than life itself. Which is why they made sure to put their main focus on the preparation of death, mummification and the tomb itself. The Egyptians chose to maintain their focus on what occurred once someone had died. Egyptians had a strict preparing on an Egyptians body after death for preservation in the afterlife they were destined to. They made sure that the steps were followed carefully and made sure that mummification process was done correctly. When Egyptians would mummify the body, they would begin by taking each organ from the body and placing them in certain places located inside the tomb or on the mummies body. They did this to ensure there was more preservation after death. They also strongly believed that communication with those that had passed was very significant in order to maintain the peace and spirits feel welcomed and yet somehow alive. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ancient Egyptian and Their Religion" essay for you Create order During the New Kingdom Era, ancient Egyptians were very much well prepared for death. According to Silverman, While all societies must confront death, fewif anyhave confronted it so directly or so elaborately as did the ancient Egyptians (132). Although majority of people insinuated that Egyptians were obsessed with death, they were not necessarily wrong. Egyptians were indeed obsessed with death, but it was a part of their beliefs and culture. Its what each Egyptian group up knowing and believing their entire lives. Like said previously the Egyptians main focus was the preparation after death. Once a new king has been chosen Egyptians begin the Pharaohs tomb even before death just to make sure it is well prepared and fitted for a Pharaoh and its journey towards the afterlife. Egyptians were prepared for death and they were even more prepared to make sure that they were taken into the afterlife properly. Their main focus was to make sure that life in the afterlife was as good as it w ould be in their human life or even better. That is why they chose to take their time and show its importance on death and its value once gone. Silverman also states, the Egyptian desired to continue his or her earthly life as far as possible after deathwith personality, social ranking, family and even possessions intactalbeit with newly acquired divine status (132). It was believed by most people that the Egyptians were obsessed with death itself, but their funerary rituals were primarily concerned not with the pangs of death itself, but with the blessed continuation of ones earthly existence in a paradisal afterlife (Silverman 132). They chose to base their beliefs on their culture of death on the Egyptian gods Isis and Osiris which Silverman summarizes the story of Isis and Osiris: As members of the Ennead, or first nine gods, Isis and Osiris were two of the five siblings (along with Seth, Nephthys and Horus the Elder) born on successive days to Nut, the goddess of the sky, and Geb, the god of the earth. As Gebs eldest son, Osiris attained kingship of the earth, and married his sister Isis, whom he had loved even in the womb. His brother Seth, in a loveless marriage to Nephthys, coveted the throne and schemed to obtain it by stealth. In the classical rendition, the unsuspecting Osiris was betrayed at a grand feast for the gods, where Seth offered a novel objecta coffinas a party favor to whomever it should fit. Although various gods sought to claim the prize, the coffin had been carefully made to fit Osiris alone. Once the god was securely inside, Seth and his confederate promptly sealed the coffin and cast it into the Nile. Osiris drowned, and death was introduced to the world. With much labour, Isis then sought and retrieved the body of her slain husband, b ut Seth again seized the corpse and cut it into many pieces. These he scattered across Egypt, so that each province could late claim a relic and shrine of the deceased god. In company with her sister Nephthys, Isis sailed through the marshes or flew as a kite in search of the scattered parts, and at length they ruined the dismembered body of Osiris with the aid of Anubis, the god of mummification. While still a corpse, Osiris was reinvigorated through the magical abilities of Isis, so that she conceived a son and her heir to the throne, Horus the Child. (Silverman 134) Therefore, in order to understand the Egyptian practice, one must understand their beliefs and theology. Reason being is because they hold that close to their heart the culture and process of death which they practiced very carefully making sure they took into consideration the story of Osiris and Isis. And because the after death was very important to Egyptians, Egyptians made sure to begin the preparation for death during their life by again making sure the tombs were being constructed and making sure the correct items/belongings were put into the tomb during burial (Silverman 140). Mummification was also something that was known to be very significant and important to the Egyptians. In fact, In Egyptian belief, the preservation of the corpse was fundamental to the continuation of life after death (Silverman 138). They carried mummifications importance with them through every step and thought regarding death and its process. They wanted to make sure they preserved the body for the afterlife correctly. The way they chose to mummify the body proved how well prepared and well organized the ancient Egyptians were. They were what you would call perfectionist they made sure that everybody was mummified the correct way and they took their time with the mummification process it was never something that they believed should be rushed. There was even a ritual for the mummification process which is The first step was the evisceration of the corpse, with the surgical extraction of the lungs, liver, stomach and intestines. These viscera were desiccated and wrapped separately , then placed in a container (Silverman 138). Just from reading that it is shown how serious they took mummification and its significance to their religion. To them each part of the body was considered to be sacred and was viewed as a necessity in making that they were ready for the afterlife. Mummifications entire process took approximately two months. Which meant that they worked on a dead body for two months making it into perfection for the afterlife. They needed to ensure that each step from removing the organ and placing them accordingly along with the mummification process was carried out carefully and successfully. The presentation of the body after death was very important to the Egyptians so much that Facial features were restored to the mummy by painting, by applying a coat of molded plaster, or, from the First Intermediate Period, by the addition of a separate funerary mask (Silverman 139). The Egyptians made sure that everything that belonged to the deceased person was placed carefully into the tomb successfully to ensure it will all make into the afterlife. According to Silverman, The heart, considered the seat of reason, emotion, memory, and personality, was the only major organ intentionally left in the body during mummification. A heart scarab placed on the mummy was inscribed with a spell that sought to secure the hearts silence regarding past transgressions during the ritual of the weighing of the heart (138). That just showed the immense importance mummification had towards the Egyptians. They needed to make sure that they met the standards of their pharaoh in order to get them to their afterlife. A huge important step during the mummification process was the weighing of the heart Next, the heartcenter of thought, memory, and personalityis weighed in a balance by the god Anubis, while the divine scribe Thoth records the verdict. If the heart and feather are of equal weight, the deceased is declared true/justified of voice and accorded a portion in the domain of Osiris. He or she might also join the sun god in his celestial circuit, or dwell among the circumpolar stars (Silverman 137). The Egyptians wanted to ensure that they kept the bodies intact so that nothing out of the ordinary occurred during the ritual process. The transition from death into the afterlife was not stable; there were many things that could go wrong. According to Silverman, Even for the most virtuous and best-prepared, the transition of death was fraught with many dangers, and the spirits survival depended on the deceaseds knowledge of arcane theology and his or her command of potent magic spells. When the spirit left the body, it was thought to wander the pathways and corridors of the underworld in search of the Hall of Judgment of Osiris, lord of the West (132). The Egyptians were very well organized when it came to keeping track of the possible outcomes for death. Silverman states, Once it had arrived at the Hall of Judgment, the soul was obliged to name not only the doorkeepers but floor bolts and floorboards as well. The perceived complexity of the underworld and its dangers necessit ated the production of funerary literature to accompany the deceased and ensure his or her success (133). The Egyptians buried the dead with writings and such that had magical spells. Silverman states the purpose of the writings, These Coffin Texts included new guide books to the underworld that described and illustrated paths of the wandering spirit (136). They also believed the deceased person became a distinct aspect of the god of the underworld and was formally addressed as the Osiris [name of the deceased]. Through this merger, he or she attained divine status and powers, while retaining an individual human personality (Silverman 133). At this point they had everything planned out when it came to death. Egyptians made sure to put effort into making sure the afterlife was better, if not the same, than the life they actually lived. The Egyptians also strongly believed that Osiris was the communicator between the dead and the living. They believed that communication was able to occur with the dead because of the history of their rituals and gods. Some Egyptian families had busts in their houses as shrines to those who have died. The Egyptians also made sure that they wrote to those deceased asking for favors. In a way that was showing that they still had significance even after death. Egyptians mainly chose to ask about inheritance or even asking about having healthy children and then there were those that chose to ask about the riches and of course money. The Egyptians culture of death was definitely planned and followed specific instructions/ protocol. They strongly believed in keeping the tradition alive. They made sure that each step taken once a death had occur were followed step by step starting with the rituals that were to be completed prior to a death, and then after the death and again after the mummy had been buried in its tomb that was designed specifically for them. The Egyptians were very fixed on the idea of making sure that this process remained sacred and important to its people and making sure that the afterlife of those deceased was better than or equal to the life they had once before They made sure their tombs contained important items that meant some kind of significance to the deceased and making sure that it was taken into their afterlife as well. They made sure to create the tombs prior to the person dying to make sure it was built with everything that was needed to be taken into the afterlife. They made sure that the writings that were going to be illustrated in the tomb was accurate and meant a significance to the deceased. They maintained a strict process when it came to the mummification and its ability to be preserved in time for the afterlife. The Egyptians also took death extremely seriously because it was as or even more important than actual life itself. Death and its process and its afterlife was what Egyptians lived for. They lived for the creation of tombs which held history underground for centuries. They also lived for the whole concept of afterlife. They strongly believed that afterlife indeed existed and if done right you have earned your spot in the afterlife.

Gender And Sexuality During Medieval Europe - 1886 Words

Insert Title of Paper Here Sophia Lisowski History 302: Gender and Sexuality in Medieval Europe Dr. Susanna Throop October 4, 2014 Many historians have attempted to decipher the medieval body, especially the body of medieval women. The knowledge of what constitutes a body and how it works plays into major aspects of a society such as religion, science, and politics. Demystifying how medieval Europe defined the bodies of women can help provide an explanation for how this time period viewed sex and subsequently placed people into specific roles. While there was no concept of biological sex or gender during this expansive period of time, it is clear that biological sex was a determining factor of who a person could or could not be. As it is a very difficult task to study history objectively (one could argue it is impossible), it is common to compare these medieval bodies to our own. That is why it is important to question how medieval bodies were perceived, and why. The intertwined influences of religion and medicine in medieval society defined the morphologies and physical functions of the bodies of medieval woman in a way that is different from our own. The way in which medieval scholars understood the anatomy of the woman’s body in a medical context contrasts with how modern society does today. The basis of the medieval understanding of bodies came from ancient medical texts, which were â€Å"discovered, transmitted, and assimilated in the later MiddleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abelard and Heloise836 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Jeff HIST 101 11/11/13 Gender As Seen in Abelard and Heloise The gender views of European medieval society were largely built upon the views of Aristotle and others alike that degraded the status of women into a lower form of life, characterizing them as secondary to men. 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Strengths of Indian Economy †“the Might” Free Essays

â€Å"The Might† During Obama’s Visit to India, Mr Barak Obama, the most powerful man on the earth, made the statement that 21st century is going to be the century Indo-American relationship. In this one line, there are many hidden statements and prospective. And, the most important of them is recognizing India as an emerging Economic Super Power. We will write a custom essay sample on Strengths of Indian Economy – â€Å"the Might† or any similar topic only for you Order Now India has the potential to become one of the global economic leaders by 2025. There are several aspects which will contribute to the above mentioned statement.They are: India A Large pool of skilled professionals Take any MNC of US, you can find more than 10% of Indians in their crucial hierarchical positions. Despite of strong oppose in the western countries and emergence of Philippines as a strong contender, India is still the hub of global IT outsourcing. This phenomenon will be there until businessmen of the West will do business according to their balance sheet. Growing number of engineering and management colleges in India is contributing significantly towards creating the largest pool of skilled professionals in the world.Another, important aspect in this aspect is the English speaking population of India. Now, India is second largest country in world to have maximum number of professionals and students having good command over English. It is helping in eradicating the cultural and linguistic barriers associated with outsourcing. Stable democracy and business friendly India government India is led by Dr. Manmohan Singh, who himself is a world famous economist and initiator of liberalization and globalization of Indian economy. Foreign direct investment cap has gone a sea change after the liberalization process.Economic policies of Indian government are friendly towards both domestic and MNCs. Along with, availability of land at a cheaper rate (compared to other developed nations) is another factor behind the showering of FDI on India. In a nutshell, India has become a safe destination for better return on investment. India’s Rapid Economic Growth After Initial years of slow economic growth, at present economy of India is now amongst the fastest growing economy in the world. Indian Economy is Rising upwards and Economic growth is currently 8-9%, second only to China. How to cite Strengths of Indian Economy – â€Å"the Might†, Papers

Broken Wing Essay Research Paper What is free essay sample

Broken Wing Essay, Research Paper What is it like to be free? Bobbie Ann Mason, the writer of? Shiloh? puts Norma Jean Moffitt through different trials in her life before she can happen her freedom. Mason introduces us to a character who yearns to be free from her hubby and female parent. Throughout Norma Jean? s life she has dealt with many hard and seeking times that sometimes may non do sense to her and eventually this thirty-four-year-old adult female is ready to distribute her wings ; wing off and see what it is like to be free. Throughout the narrative, Norma Jean? s desire to be free is apparent in undertakings that she is taking on that she would non usually do, go forthing her female parent and hubby blind to the fact that alteration is coming. Norma Begins taking a anaerobic exercise category, an English composing category and a class in cooking alien nutrients. These alterations in Norma? s life are apparent to the reader that she is seeking to rediscover herself and happen her sense of individuality. Her hubby Leroy takes notice tardily in the narrative to this state of affairs and does non understand why she is traveling through all of these categories. In a conversation with Mabel, the female parent of Norma, she explains to Leroy that Norma Jean merely is non used to holding him place. The categories are giving Norma the infinite she had while Leroy was working, but they are besides the tools she needs to distance herself from Leroy and Mabel. Not merely does Norma Jean want to in a sense fly off from her clueless hubby but an overprotective female parent supports Norma? s eyes on the sky. As mentioned earlier Norma is 34. Still her female parent, Mabel is watching every move she makes. One twenty-four hours Norma is in her house with the door closed and in comes Mabel catching her girl smoking a coffin nail. Norma is found subsequently shouting to Leroy how her privateness was invaded by her female parent. Norma and Leroy lost a babe when they were 18 old ages old due to SIDS. When Mabel hears of a narrative of disregard, she confronts her girl and accuses her for the decease of their kid because she smokes. This misdemeanor of privateness and infinite brings Norma down but does raise her up and she realizes that something demands to happen shortly. The character and strength of Norma are challenged by Leroy and Mabel throughout the narrative. Norma hour angle s to set her life style to suit Leroy whom she is non used to populating with. She does non desire the same things in life as he does. He would instead a quiet rural country with a log cabin and she wants to be with the crowd and wants nil to make with Leroy? s cabin. When it is mentioned that the two go to Shiloh, it is suggested that Mabel accompany them. Mabel says how she would non desire to occupy a honeymoon and Norma angrily asks? Who is traveling on a honeymoon, for Christ? s sake? ( 980 ) . Mabel instantly comes down on her girl stating that she did non raise her to speak with that tone of voice and Norma? s answer is that she has non seen anything yet. This scene is the prefiguration of the flood tide. Norma is right, they have non seen anything yet, nor have they seen anything of all time. They have been unsighted to her felicity all along. Norma Jean is given some monolithic quandary to move upon. Should she remain married to her hubby and his pipe dreams? Can she base to hold her life examined and questioned by her female parent? It is at the terminal of the narrative that a determination to go forth is eventually made. Leroy and Norma go on a small trip to Shiloh, a Civil War battleground. After the two have a field day they acquire into an statement? She won? T leave me entirely, you won? T leave me entirely, I feel eighteen once more? ( 982 ) . Norma tried throughout the narrative to acquire away from her jobs by avoiding her female parent and hubby but it merely was non plenty. She needed to be free from all her concerns and the two people that were keeping her down. Norma Jean left her hubby that twenty-four hours at Shiloh and nil could halt her. The significance of freedom may hold different significances from individual to individual. Bing free is frequently overlooked by many people today. The major subject in ? Shiloh? is struggle with Norma Jean? s desiring freedom and a new manner of life while her hubby Leroy and mother Mabel hold her dorsum. Norma is tired of populating a sheltered and overprotective life and no 1 can see that fact. However, she ever keeps an oculus on the sky. When Norma does eventually acquire the strength she needs and her emotional lesions are healed she leaves Leroy and Mabel with a broken wing but strong bosom and takes off into a new universe of freedom where she can transport out her dreams.

Bed 10 free essay sample

1. What was the overall theme of the book in relation to nursing? I think the overall theme of Bed Number Ten is to uncover the truth behind what can and really does happen today in the hospital setting as well as long term care units. Most of the time care givers in general underestimate the seriousness of caring of other human beings. 2. Was nursing portrayed in an overall negative or positive manner? I thought nursing was portrayed in a positive and negative manner. Some negative manners in this book that was portrayed: 1. nurses not educated on a unfamiliar disease 2. ack of awareness, clarification and brainstorming 3. lack of communication between doctors, ending up in duplicate labs and x-rays 4. violation of HIPPA regulations Some positive manners in this book that was portrayed: 1. Ginnie one of the physical therapist, going above the call of duty by coming in on her off shifts every Sunday evenings to care for Sue. We will write a custom essay sample on Bed 10 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (pg 239) 2. the nurse in Dr. Lohman’s office allowing Bill to read a paragraph in a medical book about Guillain-Barre syndrome. (pg 25) 3. building patient and nurse trust relationships 3. Reaction of Sue’s husband. What a faithful, loving, caring, thoughtful, selflessness and very attentive man he was to his wife’s needs. He became very active throughout her whole hospital stay coming up with a call bell for assistance from staff, meeting with Dr. Lohmann on a regular basis, taking over the house finances, praying with her, faithfully visiting with her sometimes twice a day. He became a single parent within weeks and became very involved in his two daughters lives continuing to keep prior engagements. 4. A few health problems encountered were lack of bedside manners, communication from doctors, nurses and physical therapists. Lack of knowledge of patient diagnosis. 5. My personal reaction if I received this type of nursing care that Sue received would not have been good. When I became able enough to return back to Gulfland Hospital I would have made an appointment with the manager of the ICU department to tell of my experience. Not to get anyone fired but to inform the manager of much needed education on unfamiliar diseases. 6. I do have a personal family experience that relates to the content of this book. I have an older sister who has MS. She was diagnosed at the age of 22, she is now 53. Praise God! It was very hard decision to place her in long term care. It was the best decision because she needed nursing care 24 hours 7 days a week. Since I am the only sibling in the medical field I became the family spoke person. 7. Reading this book has impacted my nursing future career by waking up the dogma in me. I have became more perceptive in my nursing cares by listening more to my patients fears, investigate the meaning of what my patient says and using more open-ended statements or questions. This is a much needed assignment for all nursing students especially early in the program as nursing 100.

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary A Bear of Very Many Words: Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary Did you know that today, January 18, was A. A. Milne’s birthday? To mark this, people around the world are celebrating Milne’s much-loved creation, Winnie-the-Pooh. And for Winnie-the-Pooh Day this year, we thought we’d take a quick look at the language of Pooh. Pooh and friends. But what can a bear of very little brain offer the English language? More than you might expect! In fact, if we look at the Oxford English Dictionary, Pooh and his friends pop up a few times†¦ 1. Pooh-Sticks Perhaps the most obvious bit of Pooh in the dictionary comes with â€Å"pooh-sticks.† This is the game that Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends play by dropping sticks into a river on the upstream side of a bridge. The contestants then rush to the other side to see whose stick emerges first. This might not sound like a competitive sport, but the World Poohsticks Championships have been taking place in England for 35 years now! Pooh-sticks in action.(Photo: Malc McDonald) 2. Eeyore and Tigger Among Pooh’s friends in the Hundred Acre Wood, Eeyore and Tigger stand out for their contributions to the English language. Eeyore, the downbeat donkey, appears in the OED as a term for a â€Å"pessimistic, gloomy, or habitually disconsolate person† (or you can use the adjective â€Å"Eeyore-like, if you prefer). A â€Å"Tigger,† on the other hand, is defined as an â€Å"exuberant, energetic, and cheerful person.† The famously bouncy tiger has also inspired two adjectives: â€Å"Tiggerish† and â€Å"Tigger-like.† It seems, then, that Winnie-the-Pooh offers terms for people of very different temperaments! 3. Heffalumps and Woozles In A. A. Milne’s writing, heffalumps and woozles are (possibly imaginary) creatures that steal honey. And since Winnie-the-Pooh is really, truly very fond of honey, he has to be wary of these sneaky beasts! The words â€Å"heffalump† and â€Å"woozle,† and the creatures’ appearances, are based on the English words â€Å"elephant† and â€Å"weasel,† respectively. But outside of Milne’s writing, â€Å"heffalump† has become a playful word for real-life elephants (or sometimes, less politely, larger human beings). Sadly, the word â€Å"woozle† hasn’t yet made it into the dictionary. However, it has inspired the term â€Å"woozle effect.† This is based on the story of Pooh and Piglet mistaking their own footprints for those of a woozle, then chasing themselves in circles in a hunt for something that doesn’t exist. In the real world, the â€Å"woozle effect† occurs when a misleading or unsubstantiated idea is repeated and republished often enough that people start believing it (or chasing their own footprints, so to speak). So while â€Å"woozle† isn’t in the dictionary yet, it still might appear there one day!

2008 Financial Crisis - Analysis Of Causes And Implications Essay

2008 Financial Crisis - Analysis Of Causes And Implications - Essay Example Qualitative data includes position papers, articles from academic journals and business media that shed light on the crisis, its causes and its impact on the various stakeholders. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to understand the causal, relational and descriptive aspects of the research question: 1. What are the causes of the 2008 financial crisis? 2. How are these causes related? 3. How did the crisis affect the major stakeholders of the global economy? Literature Review One challenging aspect of writing this paper was selecting from a wide range of available literature on the subject, each one proposing a unique perspective on the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. Included are articles by a wide range of academics, Nobel Prize-winning economists, hands-on managers, legal theoreticians and practitioners, investigative journalists, politicians, accountants, public and private bankers, labor law experts, and engineers. For this paper, the researcher looked at reference books, journal articles and working papers in economics, financial management and accounting, newspaper articles and the Report of two government bodies enacted by law. Many authors, some better known, were not included because they were published later or duplicated the analysis found in the earlier works. The earliest references predicted the economic crises before it happened. University of Chicago economics professor Rajan (345-46) warned in a speech before the Federal Reserve of Kansas in 2005 of â€Å"excessive risk taking in financial markets and the possibility of a full-scale financial blowout.† NYU Prof. Roubini... One challenging aspect of writing this paper was selected from a wide range of available literature on the subject, each one proposing a unique perspective on the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. Included are articles by a wide range of academics, Nobel Prize-winning economists, hands-on managers, legal theoreticians and practitioners, investigative journalists, politicians, accountants, public and private bankers, labor law experts, and engineers. For this paper, the researcher looked at reference books, journal articles and working papers in economics, financial management and accounting, newspaper articles and the Report of two government bodies enacted by law. Many authors, some better known, were not included because they were published later or duplicated the analysis found in the earlier works. The earliest references predicted the economic crises before it happened. University of Chicago economics professor Rajan warned in a speech before the Federal Reserve of Kansas in 2005 of â€Å"excessive risk-taking in financial markets and the possibility of a full-scale financial blowout†. Roubini followed almost a year later in a speech before the staff of the International Monetary Fund, when he warned that there was â€Å"a more than 50 percent risk of a U.S. recession the following year, because, over the past several years, U.S. consumers had gone on a spending binge, with many using their home equity as an â€Å"ATM† . In 2007, BIS reported: â€Å"the world economy was in danger of a major slump†.

Molecular Recognition and Drug Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Molecular Recognition and Drug Design - Essay Example Prediction of 3D structure of protein or target molecule was quite tedious and uncertain due to many of the protein targets are membrane bound and in case of soluble targets like enzymes, they exist in quite dynamic condition in side the body and its structure-function is tightly regulated by microenvironment. But In recent past this problem was solved at quite extant due to development in techniques like NMR and X-ray diffraction leads to generation of hug databases of protein structures, Along with this development in computational capability have deeply influence the over all process. Now we have number of software and models by which one can predict structure of protein based on just amino acid sequences, classical example if homology modeling of protein folding. In post genomic era high throughput protein expression and structure determination by X-ray diffraction augmented by homology modeling makes key process for new drug development program. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) is an area of computational research where virtual model was developed to determines binding proertise of ligand to its target molecules as well as to predict toxicological potential of existing or hypothetical molecules. QSAR is generally employed to establish correlation between structure and electronic properties of ligand molecules which influence its binding to specific drug target and general target molecules. Initially it was used to predict ligand having very high affinity towards target molecules but now it is extended to predict its diffusion, adsorption, toxicity, metabolism and finally elimination. There are different types of QSAR like 1D, 2- (Lill, 2007) (Mller, 2003)D etc based on number of parameters taken for model prediction. Table 1 describes different mode of QSAR and parameters involved in it. Table:1 (Lill, 2007) Initially QSAR was developed on single parameters like pKa value or solubility of ligand molecules and based on that prediction was carried out (1D-QSAR). Hansch e'tal has included physic-chemical properties like functional groups and atomic configuration in to it. They also correlated these properties to biological activity of ligand. (2D-QSAR). After 1980s increasing number of 3D structures of proteins makes it more feasible to include three dimensional structure of protein-ligand to understand its interaction. Than after Structure based deign (SBD) becomes routine process for new drug development process. Here after identification of target molecule different ligands were searched and analyzed for its docking to target molecules by process called dynamic optimization (MD). Based on this Technique it is possible to identified best binding mode of any given ligand molecule with target. In 1988 Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was introduced in QSAR which leads to first time demonstration of structure -function co-relation (3D-QSAR). Development of 3D QSAR made task simpler but later it was realized that 3D QSAR based models are not always gives complete picture but fails to explain processes like Induced fit

File Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

File - Assignment Example The standard of living is then advertised to the society. The society eventually takes up the new trends and starts to live them (Sandhusen, 12). This way, marketing delivers the standard of living to the society. The statement means that through marketing, other people are able to see value in a product that has been developed by another individual or firm. This is because; through marketing, the information related to the qualities, need and use of the product is passed on to others who may not have been aware of the existence of the product or its uses (Sandhusen, 47). This way, the value of the product is created in the minds of others. Exchange theory is a hypothesis postulating that social exchange builds human relationships through a tradeoff by the humans based on cost and benefit evaluations (Sandhusen, 17). Exchange theory is marketing’s most difficult task, since marketing must show the target audience how the product or service being marketed will benefit the audience in exchange of their monetary value. If marketing does not manage to show the target audience that the benefit conferred by the product or service is of equal value, then the target audience will not be persuaded to

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay On December 3, 1984. In the city of Bhopal, a cloud of toxic gases escaped from an American pesticide plant, killing and injuring thousands of people. When the noxious clouds cleared, the worst industrial disaster in history had taken place. Now, Dominique Lapierre in her book Five Past Midnight brings the hundreds of characters, conflicts, and adventures together in an unforgettable tale of love and hope. Introduction Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin, a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia. As part of the deal, Indias government insisted that a significant percentage of the investment come from local shareholders. The government itself had a 22% stake in the companys subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to transport infrastructure. The specific site within the city was zoned for light industrial and commercial use, not for hazardous industry. The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in relatively small quantities. However, pressure from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement backward integration the manufacture of raw materials and intermediate products for formulation of the final product within one facility. This was inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous process. In 1984, the plant was manufacturing Sevin at one quarter of its production capacity due to decreased demand for pesticides. Widespread crop failures and famine on the subcontinent in the 1980s led to increased indebtedness and decreased capital for farmers to invest in pesticides. Local managers were directed to close the plant and prepare it for sale in July 1984 due to decreased profitability. When no ready buyer was found, UCIL made plans to dismantle key production units of the facility for shipment to another developing country. In the meantime, the facility continued to operate with safety equipment and procedures far below the standards found in its sister plant in Institute, West Virginia. The local government was aware of safety problems but was reticent to place heavy industrial safety and pollution control burdens on the struggling industry because it feared the economic effects of the loss of such a large employer. At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, while most of the one million residents of Bhopal slept, an operator at the plant noticed a small leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and increasing pressure inside a storage tank. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device designer to neutralize toxic discharge from the MIC system, had been turned off three weeks prior. Apparently a faulty valve had allowed one ton of water for cleaning internal pipes to mix with forty tons of MIC. A 30 ton refrigeration unit that normally served as a safety component to cool the MIC storage tank had been drained of its coolant for use in another part of the plant. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermic reaction in the tank continued to build. The gas flare safety system was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumbling reverberated around the plant as a safety valve gave way sending a plume of MIC gas into the early morning air. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human corpses and the carcasses of buffaloes, cows, dogs and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died immediately, mostly in the poor slum colony adjacent to the UCC plant. Local hospitals were soon overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis further compounded by a lack of knowledge of exactly what gas was involved and what its effects were. It became one of the worst chemical disasters in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial catastrophe. Estimates of the number of people killed in the first few days by the plume from the UCC plant run as high as 10,000, with 15,000 to 20,000 premature deaths reportedly occurring in the subsequent two decades. The Indian government reported that more than half a million people were exposed to the gas. Several epidemiological studies conducted soon after the accident showed significant morbidity and increased mortality in the exposed population. These data are likely to under-represent the true extent of adverse health effects because many exposed individuals left Bhopal immediately following the disaster never to return and were therefore lost to follow-up. AFTERMATH Immediately after the disaster, UCC began attempts to dissociate itself from responsibility for the gas leak. Its principal tactic was to shift culpability to UCIL, stating the plant was wholly built and operated by the Indian subsidiary. It also fabricated scenarios involving sabotage by previously unknown Sikh extremist groups and disgruntled employees but this theory was impugned by numerous independent sources. The toxic plume had barely cleared when, on December 7, the first multi-billion dollar lawsuit was filed by an American attorney in a U.S. court. This was the beginning of years of legal machinations in which the ethical implications of the tragedy and its affect on Bhopals people were largely ignored. In March 1985, the Indian government enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a way of ensuring that claims arising from the accident would be dealt with speedily and equitably. The Act made the government the sole representative of the victims in legal proceedings both within and outside India. Eventually all cases were taken out of the U.S. legal system under the ruling of the presiding American judge and placed entirely under Indian jurisdiction much to the detriment of the injured parties. In a settlement mediated by the Indian Supreme Court, UCC accepted moral responsibility and agreed to pay $470 million to the Indian government to be distributed to claimants as a full and final settlement. The figure was partly based on the disputed claim that only 3000 people died and 102,000 suffered permanent disabilities. Upon announcing this settlement, shares of UCC rose $2 per share or 7% in value. Had compensation in Bhopal been paid at the same rate that asbestosis victims where being awarded in US courts by defendant including UCC which mined asbestos from 1963 to 1985 the liability would have been greater than the $10 billion the company was worth and insured for in 1984. By the end of October 2003, according to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for injuries received and 15,310 survivors of those killed. The average amount to families of the dead was $2,200. At every turn, UCC has attempted to manipulate, obfuscate and withhold scientific data to the detriment of victims. Even to this date, the company has not stated exactly what was in the toxic cloud that enveloped the city on that December night. When MIC is exposed to 200 ° heat, it forms degraded MIC that contains the more deadly hydrogen cyanide (HCN). There was clear evidence that the storage tank temperature did reach this level in the disaster. The cherry-red color of blood and viscera of some victims were characteristic of acute cyanide poisoning. Moreover, many responded well to administration of sodium thiosulfate, an effective therapy for cyanide poisoning but not MIC exposure. UCC initially recommended use of sodium thiosulfate but withdrew the statement later prompting suggestions that it attempted to cover up evidence of HCN in the gas leak. The presence of HCN was vigorously denied by UCC and was a point of conjecture among researchers. As further insult, UCC discontinued operation at its Bhopal plant following the disaster but failed to clean up the industrial site completely. The plant continues to leak several toxic chemicals and heavy metals that have found their way into local aquifers. Dangerously contaminated water has now been added to the legacy left by the company for the people of Bhopal LESSONS LEARNED The events in Bhopal revealed that expanding industrialization in developing countries without concurrent evolution in safety regulations could have catastrophic consequences. The disaster demonstrated that seemingly local problems of industrial hazards and toxic contamination are often tied to global market dynamics. UCCs Sevin production plant was built in Madhya Pradesh not to avoid environmental regulations in the U.S. but to exploit the large and growing Indian pesticide market. However the manner in which the project was executed suggests the existence of a double standard for multinational corporations operating in developing countries. Enforceable uniform international operating regulations for hazardous industries would have provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international standards could provide norms for measuring performance of individual companies engaged in hazardous activities such as the manufacture of pestic ides and other toxic chemicals in India. National governments and international agencies should focus on widely applicable techniques for corporate responsibility and accident prevention as much in the developing world context as in advanced industrial nations. Specifically, prevention should include risk reduction in plant location and design and safety legislation. Local governments clearly cannot allow industrial facilities to be situated within urban areas, regardless of the evolution of land use over time. Industry and government need to bring proper financial support to local communities so they can provide medical and other necessary services to reduce morbidity, mortality and material loss in the case of industrial accidents. Public health infrastructure was very weak in Bhopal in 1984. Tap water was available for only a few hours a day and was of very poor quality. With no functioning sewage system, untreated human waste was dumped into two nearby lakes, one a source of drinking water. The city had four major hospitals but there was a shortage of physicians and hospital beds. There was also no mass casualty emergency response system in place in the city. Existing public health infrastructure needs to be taken into account when hazardous industries choose sites for manufacturing plants. Future management of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to advance planning before any disaster occurs. Communities that do not possess infrastructure and technical expertise to respond adequately to such industrial accidents should not be chosen as sites for hazardous industry. Since 1984 Following the events of December 3 1984 environmental awareness and activism in India increased significantly. The Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986, creating the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and strengthening Indias commitment to the environment. Under the new act, the MoEF was given overall responsibility for administering and enforcing environmental laws and policies. It established the importance of integrating environmental strategies into all industrial development plans for the country. However, despite greater government commitment to protect public health, forests, and wildlife, policies geared to developing the countrys economy have taken precedence in the last 20 years. India has undergone tremendous economic growth in the two decades since the Bhopal disaster. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has increased from $1,000 in 1984 to $2,900 in 2004 and it continues to grow at a rate of over 8% per year. Rapid industrial development has contributed greatly to economic growth but there has been significant cost in environmental degradation and increased public health risks. Since abatement efforts consume a large portion of Indias GDP, MoEF faces an uphill battle as it tries to fulfill its mandate of reducing industrial pollution. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws have result from economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection. With the industrial growth since 1984, there has been an increase in small scale industries (SSIs) that are clustered about major urban areas in India. There are generally less stringent rules for the treatment of waste produced by SSIs due to less waste generation within each individual industry. This has allowed SSIs to dispose of untreated wastewater into drainage systems that flow directly into rivers. New Delhis Yamuna River is illustrative. Dangerously high levels of heavy metals such as lead, cobalt, cadmium, chrome, nickel and zinc have been detected in this river which is a major supply of potable water to Indias capital thus posing a potential health risk to the people living there and areas downstream. Land pollution due to uncontrolled disposal of industrial solid and hazardous waste is also a problem throughout India. With rapid industrialization, the generation of industrial solid and hazardous waste has increased appreciably and the environmental impact is significant. India relaxed its controls on foreign investment in order to accede to WTO rules and thereby attract an increasing flow of capital. In the process, a number of environmental regulations are being rolled back as growing foreign investments continue to roll in. The Indian experience is comparable to that of a number of developing countries that are experiencing the environmental impacts of structural adjustment. Exploitation and export of natural resources has accelerated on the subcontinent. Prohibitions against locating industrial facilities in ecologically sensitive zones have been eliminated while conservation zones are being stripped of their status so that pesticide, cement and bauxite mines can be built. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws are other consequences of economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection. In March 2001, residents of Kodaikanal in southern India caught the Anglo-Dutch company, Unilever, red-handed when they discovered a dumpsite with toxic mercury laced waste from a thermometer factory run by the companys Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Lever. The 7.4 ton stockpile of mercury-laden glass was found in torn stacks spilling onto the ground in a scrap metal yard located near a school. In the fall of 2001, steel from the ruins of the World Trade Center was exported to India apparently without first being tested for contamination from asbestos and heavy metals present in the twin tower debris. Other examples of poor environmental stewardship and economic considerations taking precedence over public health concerns abound. The Bhopal disaster could have changed the nature of the chemical industry and caused a reexamination of the necessity to produce such potentially harmful products in the first place. However the lessons of acute and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides and their precursors in Bhopal has not changed agricultural practice patterns. An estimated 3 million people per year suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with most exposure occurring in the agricultural developing world. It is reported to be the cause of at least 22,000 deaths in India each year. In the state of Kerala, significant mortality and morbidity have been reported following exposure to Endosulfan, a toxic pesticide whose use continued for 15 years after the events of Bhopal. Aggressive marketing of asbestos continues in developing countries as a result of restrictions being placed on its use in developed nations due to the well-established link between asbestos products and respiratory diseases. India has become a major consumer, using around 100,000 tons of asbestos per year, 80% of which is imported with Canada being the largest overseas supplier. Mining, production and use of asbestos in India is very loosely regulated despite the health hazards. Reports have shown morbidity and mortality from asbestos related disease will continue in India without enforcement of a ban or significantly tighter controls. UCC has shrunk to one sixth of its size since the Bhopal disaster in an effort to restructure and divest itself. By doing so, the company avoided a hostile takeover, placed a significant portion of UCCs assets out of legal reach of the victims and gave its shareholder and top executives bountiful profits. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow Chemicals and still states on its website that the Bhopal disaster was cause by deliberate sabotage. Some positive changes were seen following the Bhopal disaster. The British chemical company, ICI, whose Indian subsidiary manufactured pesticides, increased attention to health, safety and environmental issues following the events of December 1984. The subsidiary now spends 30-40% of their capital expenditures on environmental-related projects. However, they still do not adhere to standards as strict as their parent company in the UK. The US chemical giant DuPont learned its lesson of Bhopal in a different way. The company attempted for a decade to export a nylon plant from Richmond, VA to Goa, India. In its early negotiations with the Indian government, DuPont had sought and won a remarkable clause in its investment agreement that absolved it from all liabilities in case of an accident. But the people of Goa were not willing to acquiesce while an important ecological site was cleared for a heavy polluting industry. After nearly a decade of protesting by Goas residents, DuPont was forced to scuttle plans there. Chennai was the next proposed site for the plastics plant. The state government there made significantly greater demand on DuPont for concessions on public health and environmental protection. Eventually, these plans were also aborted due to what the company called financial concerns. QUESTIONAIRE Name : Alkesh R Takpere Age : 43 Company Name : RCF Designation: Chief Manager (Technical services) Which products do you deal in ? Fertilizers and other chemicals 1) Fertilizer Urea 2) Complex fertilizers (NPK) 3) Methanol 4) Sodium Nitrate 5) Ammonium bicarbonate 6) Methylamines 7) Dimethyl Form amide 8) Dimethylacetamide Which is the most hazardous chemical and what is the harm caused due to it ? Methanol is a hazardous chemical. It has severed effects on the body such as severe abdominal, leg, and back pain. Amounts of methanol can also cause Loss of vision and even blindness. Have your company faced any tragedy with regards to gas leakage? No, RCF has never faced any gas leakage problems. During the start up and the shut down all the gases are arrested using flares. If yes, how did you deal with the situation? We have upgraded ourselves with all the latest technology. There are 22 plants in all and they are installed with DCS systems in all the plants. Being established in 1968 we gradually modernized all the systems. We have computerized control systems which help us track all the activities around the manufacturing units. The temperature level of all the vessels can be moderated via computer. Internalized LAN system connections with the ammonia plants help in keeping a check on functioning of the plant, temperature and chemical levels, MCS 1010 degree Celsius. Workplace monitors help us to take corrective actions via Alarms and CCTVs which command the operators and the analysts. What are the ideal norms to be followed in a chemical manufacturing company? There are two types of Norms followed by the RCF: Safety norms and environment norms. Safety norms: Training to all contract employees Time to time health check up Separate training given to the engineers Fire fighting training Gloves, goggles and shoes to deal with hazardous chemicals Welding shield for welding jobs Environment norms: Norms related to Sox ,Nox,Ammonia , PM2.5,CO etc Other stipulated norms given by CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) and MPCB(Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and RCF works way below these norms. What precautions are taken as a measure of safety ? Studies done by allocated bodies ISO 14000 ,ISO 9000 OSAS -18000 ( Certified) Proper medical aid availability at the time of accidents Due care for worker life by availing the insurance Health check up from time to time Workers with Phobias detected by the doctor are not permitted to work Fire Fighting Training is given to the workers in the welding department Mock drill on Levels 1,2,3 is conducted once in a quarter for monitoring safety Level 1 : Deals with gaseous emissions Level 2: Deals with Fire Department Level 3: Mutual group discussions are done in case of major issues. Level 3 Mock drill is performed once in a year. BPCL HPCL are members with RCF who are taken into consideration at level 3 Example: Heavy leakage Did the company undergo any changes after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy? RCF has set up the environment cell in 1978. 500 cr. was spent for environment protection while setting up the cell. 4 ambient air quality monitoring sections are set up around each plant of RCF to monitor the gas emissions from the plant. They function 247; to transmit and capture data every 15 minutes. Meteorological Department is set up in one of the plants to control the air pollution around RCF. Are all the employees in your company insured? There is a group insurance policy The contract workers are insured under ESI What is the role of the company in social responsibility? Ans: The following initiatives have been taken by the company: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Farmer Education on farm inputs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Soil Testing of major and micro nutrients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water/Irrigation management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plant Protection Measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training on post harvest technology marketing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Field and Crop Demonstrations are other effective means of imparting knowledge to farmers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tie-up with M/s ITC e-choupal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Company has 6 static and 4 mobile soil-testing vans. More than 60,000 soil samples are tested every year and recommendations on efficient use of fertilizers are given through Soil Health Cards. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 600 Krishi-melas conducted serving around 3,00,000 farmers per year à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ RCF has launched a dedicated website for farmers www.rcfkrushisamridhi.com What are the various monitoring surveillance system adopted by the company for security purposes? Ans: For security purposes the company follows various policies like: The Fraud Prevention Policy of RCF-2010 has been framed to provide a system for detection and prevention of fraud, reporting of any fraud that is detected or suspected and fair dealing of matters pertaining to fraud. The policy will ensure and provide for the following:- 1. To ensure that management is aware of its responsibilities for detection and prevention of fraud and for establishing procedures for preventing fraud and/or detecting fraud when it occurs. 2. To provide a clear guidance to employees and others dealing with RCF, forbidding them from involvement in any fraudulent activity and the action to be taken by them where they suspect any fraudulent activity. 3. To conduct investigations into fraudulent activities. 4. To provide assurances that any and all suspected fraudulent activity will be fully investigated. This policy applies to any fraud, or suspected fraud, involving employees of RCF (all full time, part time or employees appointed on adhoc / temporary / contract basis, probationers and trainees) as well as representatives of vendors, suppliers, contractors, consultants, service providers or any outside agency doing any type of business with RCF. The company also employs 12 to 15 security guards in around the office premises. What is the back-up plan of the company in case of untoward accident or any emergency? Ans: There is availability of ambulance at factory site Safety alarms are available as a warning signal to act quickly in case of emergency Workers are provided with proper and maintained machineries What role does ethics play at RCF? We make sure that air pollution Act, water pollution act and noise pollution act are followed strictly. In MOU with government of India we ensure that are 2 man days per employee for training. What measure has RCF taken apart from the government norms? Instead of N2O, RCF uses DN2O acid catalyst which has the potential of depleting pollution by 300 times. We also use selective catalytic reactor to emit colorless fumes instead of brown fumes as earlier. Interpretation Analysis of the Interview RCF produces fertilizers and other hazardous chemicals of the grades :15-15-15 20-20-0 RCF being one of the largest chemical fertilizing plants takes utmost precautions and applies stringent practice of safety measures. They are very particular about the safety and take heavy measures for the same. They give adequate training to all the workers as well as the contract employees. They are one step ahead in applying the safety norms. There have no incident taken place in RCF with respect to gas leakage or other such disaster. They are very innovative and have modernized all the plants since 1968.They use computerised monitoring system to check the functioning of every plant which is reviewed in every 15 minutes.There are 22 plants and a plant is shut down once a year for annual maintenance either in May or October for a maximum period of 20 days one plant at a time.They have spent around 500 crores for developing the environment cell thus contributing to the protection of environment. They are also very particular about the health of every worker. Also after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy , the government norms have become very stringent.Thus, the whole interview gave us a idea that RCF believes in Better Safe than Sorry Q. Describe the systematic errors that led to the disaster in December 1984 ? These were the above factors that contributes to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984.    PRODUCTION : The use of hazardous chemicals like (MIC) instead of less dangerous ones   . MAINTENANCE: Storing these chemicals in large tanks instead of over 200 steel drums.   Possible corroding material in pipelines  Ã‚   Poor maintenance after the plant ceased production in the early 1980s   SECURITY SAFETY : Failure of several safety systems (due to poor maintenance and regulations).   Safety systems being switched off to save money-including the MIC tank refrigeration system which alone would have prevented the disaster. GOVERNMENT : The problem was made worse by the plants location near a densely populated area, non-existent catastrophe plans and shortcomings in health care and socio-economic rehabilitation. Analysis shows that the parties responsible for the magnitude of the disaster are the two owners, Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India, and to some extent, the Government of Madhya Pradesh. FINANCE : Providing less wages no promotions to highly skilled workers which made them to switch the organisation. TRAINING : Forcing the workers to use english manuals even after knowing they are not familiar with the language. Q. Find out trigger points that a continuous process manufacturing plant dealing with hazardous materials need to watch out for ? A continuous process manufacturing plant have to watch out on following points : Chemical levels of : Nox Sox Ammonia $ other hazardous Chemicals Temperature levels of the Vessels After Bhopal Gas Tragedy , all the chemical manufacturing companies have started having stag monitors in every branch as a precaution measure. Wherever these hazardous chemicals are produced, stored, used or handled, a proper and effective health management programme should be implemented so as to protect the interest and safeguard the safety and health of people who are exposed to such materials. Policies and strategy the responsibility of the management regarding the safety of employees and the use of the chemicals should be stated in the policy statement. To give effect to the policy, the management must frame a wide strategy on managing the hazardous chemicals. Register of chemicals these should contain the information regarding the location and the inventory of the chemicals. Also it should mention the number of people exposed to those hazardous chemicals. Risk assessment and control 1) identification of the safety and the health hazardous events, 2) Frequency of the exposure to the chemicals and likelihood of occurrence of the events and its evolution too. If the finding shows that the risk is too high and not acceptable than preventive measures should be taken as soon as possible. Safety work procedures at any point where and when this chemicals are used in handling there should be a written procedure for the start up, routine operation, shut down and maintenance work. It also include the use of personal protective equipments when necessary and also other precautions to be taken. Storage of chemicals a storage system is established based on the nature of the chemical, incompatibility, quantity and environmental conditions. So the layout of the storage design should take into the consideration like the statutory requirement, material safety data and also other national and international standards to be followed. Personal protection equipment include respirators, safety glasses, field shields overall, aprons and gloves. Workplace monitoring it reveals which workers, area of the workplace and nearby vicinity of the plant will be most affected if level of the airborne contamination increases. A regular checkup by a competent person should be carried out and also result of the monitoring should be correctly evaluated and properly recorded. Emergency planning responses and first aid procedures its needed to cope up with chemical acciidents such as fires, explosions, spills, or leaks of hazardous materials. Emergency procedures should be established so that the source of release should be properly rectified and the area of contamination could be properly contained. The first aid programme will ensure that provisions for emergency treatment of victims of chemical poisoning or excessive exposure to toxic chemicals are met. Information and training employees who handle chemicals or may be affected by them should be informed of the hazard potential of these chemicals and the procedures for safe handling, minimization of exposure. A training programme should be instituted to ensure that the safe handling procedure are both known and understood by all concerned. Information on hazardous chemicals and safe handling procedures should be disseminated regularly to employees involved via group and individual training, data sheets and other aids. Programme review and audit the management should conduct an annual review of its hazard

Northouses Leadership, Theory and Practice :: assigned leaders vs emergent leaders

1. Read Chapter 1 in Northouse. What does leadership mean? Justify your response. Explain the following components of leadership: process, influence, group context, and goal attainment. Northouse described a number of leadership approaches and theories. He began by pointing out there are as many definitions of leadership as there are people to define leadership. As a result, he developed his definition by first outlining the components of leadership. The features listed by Northouse were that leadership is seen as a process, involves influencing other people, takes place in the context of a group, and is based on the attainment of a mutual goal. He then defined leadership as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†. On another note, leadership is simply defined as the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through change (Lussier & Achua, 2010). Process: The leadership process is the ongoing relationship between leaders and followers to accomplish company goals. Leadership is basically the influence of a leader in achieving shared goals through followers. The process of leaders and followers working together is different for each business. Some companies value and incorporate leadership development or management trainee programs into their company culture. Leadership process is not a linear but an interactive event. Influence: is the process of leader communicating ideas, gaining acceptance of them, and motivating followers to support and implement the ideas through change (Lussier & Achua, 2010). This element is all about the relationship between leader and followers. Moreover influencing includes power, politics, and negotiation. Leaders gain the commitment of followers who are willing to adapt and get influenced. Group context: Leadership occurs in a group context. It takes place in groups and involves the process of influencing individuals in the group who have a common purpose. Goal attainment: Leadership involves goal attainment. It includes attention to goals and directs a group of individuals towards accomplishing a defined task or goal. 2. Distinguish between assigned and emergent leaders. Give an example of an instance in which you â€Å"emerged† as a leader. Explain how your communication might have facilitated your emergence as a leader. Include information from one outside source, in addition to the textbook, and include all appropriate APA documentation. Assigned leadership is primarily by appointment of people to formal leadership positions of authority within an organization. Assigned leaderships could be managers of sports teams, presidents and vice presidents of the universities, plant managers, the CEOs of hospitals, the executive directors of nonprofit organizations.